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Waters full of challenges

In water, as on land, life evolves and the environment changes.

In all of this turbulence, some threats are more serious than others. Researchers are keeping a very close eye on the St. Lawrence waters and species because everything depends on a fragile balance.

Many institutions have understood that this is a team effort. Aware of our impact, governments, young businesses, universities and associations are implementing initiatives to try and improve life in the St. Lawrence.

Big or small, each step is encouraging.

Schéma d’une coupe du Saint-Laurent avec 6 illustrations de menaces : de l’eau polluée, un bateau de pêche qui émet des ondes, un casier et des cordages de pêche, des bulles et un poisson.
Various contaminants and pollutants
Overfishing
Noise pollution
Invasive alien species
Ghost fishing gear
Climate change
Icone représentant un livre
There are six threats to life in the St. Lawrence. Do you know what they are?

For every threat...

... its possible solutions

Various contaminants and pollutants

Human activities have a direct impact on water quality. Products used in industry, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and at home find their way into the St. Lawrence. However, they are not necessarily dissolved. These contaminants are deposited into the sediment. Over time, they work their way up the food web to end up on our plates and in our glasses of water.

Some areas for harvesting filter-feeding shellfish are sometimes closed because of water quality concerns. Contaminants render the species living in these areas unfit for consumption.

Illustration couleur d'une usine avec trois cheminées dont de la fumée sort. Un tuyau sort sur la droite de l'usine d'où sort une substance verte.

Clean water for everyone

On the political front, Canada signed the Stockholm Convention in 2001. Its aim is to eliminate or reduce the discharge of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Since 2001, 151 other countries have joined this convention.

Awareness has been growing for several decades. We too have a role to play. Our daily choices have an impact on water quality in the St. Lawrence. Chemical components found in our cosmetics and in our electronic devices often end up in the St. Lawrence.

Choosing more natural products, recycling and limiting waste are concrete actions we can take right now to reduce our impact on the environment.

Ghost fishing gear

Every season, numerous ropes, nets and traps are lost in the deep.

They represent a large quantity of macroplastics in the St. Lawrence. Over time, these plastics degrade and become microplastic but do not disappear. Beyond this pollution, these pieces of lost gear, known as ghosts, also damage ecosystems. They continue to entrap animals, entangled or trapped in nets and traps that are rarely recovered.

Illustration couleur d'un casier de pêche abandonné et de cordages emmêlés.

Avoiding ghost gear

To reduce ghost gear, the fishing industry is looking for solutions.

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What is the proportion of ghost fishing gear in the St. Lawrence?
What is the industry doing to avoid them and to improve their techniques?
Three people from the fishing and innovation sector explain their projects.

Information

Video length: 4 minutes and 22 seconds

Location and shooting date: Gaspé Peninsula, 2022 and Rimouski, 2023

Excerpts from interviews conducted by: Jean-Sébastien Laliberté et Maylis Persoons, Exploramer museologists

Videographer and editor: Guillaume Lévesque, Les productions de la Morue Salée

Interviewees:

  • Samantha Bois-Roy, Association des capitaines-propriétaires de la Gaspésie
  • Geneviève Myles, ACPG Innovation
  • Olivier Grenier, Devocean

Credit: Exploramer, 2024

Transcription

[View of Samantha Bois-Roy talking, outdoors, in front of old fishing traps, nets and ropes.]

Samantha Bois-Roy: My name is Samantha Bois-Roy. I work for the ACPG Coop; it’s been almost 5 years now. I’m the agent for fixed gear, in other words for those who fish with gillnets, traps and longlines.

[Background music, successive shots of rusty old fishing gear.]

So, we decided to initiate the ghost gear program to help clean up the oceans.

[Back to Samantha, then camera moves to the recovered gear.]

Because we know that a lot of gear is lost during the fishing seasons. And the ghost gear we’ve recovered, we have traps that are more than a few years old. We’ve also found trawls that were over 40 years old. There’s a lot of rope left on the bottom. A lot of gillnets, too, that were probably lost in storms and all that.

[Back to Samantha, music stops.]

Ultimately, our main goal is to clean up the Gulf a bit to enable a sustainable, responsible fishing. And, you know, we’re also thinking about future generations.

[Music resumes, more successive shots of old fishing gear.]

I’d say that in the Gulf right now, with the data we have, we have about a hundred thousand pieces of gear that were lost over all these years.

[Back to Samantha.]

So that’s why the ACPG project is really about acting in good faith. Our captains are also highly motivated to clean up the ocean floor. So we send them out to sea for 10 days with a grappling hook to recover as much gear as possible.

[Different views of a grapple on a wheel.]

The ACPG is also working to innovate their fishing techniques as well as their fishing gear.

[Shot of a fishing harbor, then of moored boats, and finally of a fishing net on the dock.]

So, we’re trying to computerize. We’re trying… It’s somewhat part of the ACPG dynamic. We craft, we do the research, and we execute.

[Close-up shot of the hands of a worker making a fishing net.]

They’re the 3 divisions we currently have.

[Shot of engineering prototypes in a corridor, then of Geneviève Myles talking, music stops.]

Geneviève Myles: So we’re interested in innovation whenever a captain has a challenge to meet or wants to implement a new technology on board his boat. Or one who faces labor or handling challenges…

[Shot of men unrolling a fishing net on a dock, music resumes softly.]

That’s when ACPG Innovation comes into play then works with the captain and the fishing company to propose a sustainable solution, a proposal that meets the captain’s needs, and that is adapted to his boat.

[Music intensifies, shot of a man in a boat cabin, then of boats moored at dock.]

Olivier Grenier: My name is Olivier Grenier. I work with Devocean.

[Shot of Olivier Grenier speaking, standing in front of buoys.]

Devocean, “Devocéan” in fact, in French. It started with a class where you had to think about some issues, and then you had to figure out some projects that could have an impact.

[Music stops.]

Improving fishing equipment to protect the environment and ecosystems. Traditional trap fishing, the trap is the crab cage, it’s a cage that is sent to the bottom of the sea.  Then that cage, with a rope, is connected to a buoy floating on the surface. The problem we have is that all these ropes, which are linked between the trap at the bottom of the sea and the buoy above, create a labyrinth of ropes that the whales have to cross when they feed, when they migrate, and all that… So, the whales get entangled in these ropes.

[Close-up shot of the top of a boat, then of the sea in the fog.]

Instead of having the buoy floating above the sea in sight of the fishermen, we send it to the bottom of the sea.

[Back to Olivier.]

Then we wind the entire rope inside the buoy. The buoy, that’s what you can see here.

[Shot of six rectangular orange buoys laid one on top of the other on a pallet, then of a buoy on the deck of a boat, and back to Olivier showing one of the buoys.]

When the buoy receives the right signal from the boat, the arm is triggered.

[Shot of Olivier Grenier, triggering the arm of a buoy and then spinning a part inside the buoy.]

This releases the rope. The spool becomes free. And the buoy is only about fifty pounds. So that allows it to rise to the surface.

[Background music resumes.]

[Shot of a man pulling a buoy out of the water and onto the deck of a boat.]

We’re still at the prototype stage, and we have equipped around fifteen boats in the Gaspé region. We have 130 buoys in operation throughout Quebec. In this corrosive environment and under pressure, there are some major engineering challenges. Above all, we’re trying to build something light and inexpensive, so that fishermen won’t go broke buying our systems.

[Shot of the mechanical winding of a buoy rope on a boat.]

We’re grafting today’s solutions, today’s technology, onto what’s already being used.

[Shot of a man releasing a buoy and a fishing trap into the water, then of a buoy floating on the surface of the water.]

That’s it… we’re trying to provide better tools so that we can fish more responsibly.

[Exploramer logo.]

[Background music stops.]

Overfishing

Overfishing can create an imbalance in a species’ population, threatening the entire ecosystem.

In Quebec, the best-known story of overfishing is that of Atlantic cod, for which a moratorium has been in place since 1992. Nearly 35,000 fishermen and plant workers lost their jobs as a result. So, in addition to its effect on biodiversity, overfishing also affects the economy and the lives of fishermen and their families.

Since this collapse of the cod fishery, we have been trying to avoid overfishing. However, it remains difficult to cope with all the changes and other pressures on species. Even today, moratoriums are often introduced at the start of the fishing season to prevent history from repeating itself.

Illustration couleur d'un bateau de pêche remontant un filet plein de poissons.

Less but better

To avoid overfishing, governments try to take a precautionary approach in which the whole ecosystem, not just a single species, is considered. To be as fair as possible in their regulation of fishing, governments must work in partnership with scientists and fishermen.

Industry and governments increasingly favour a diversified fishery. This solution prevents economic disaster when a moratorium is put in place for a particular species.

Ecocertification is another way of encouraging sustainable fishing for both professionals and consumers.

Noise pollution

Ship traffic, sonar and drilling, as well as natural sounds such as the singing of whales, make up the sound environment of the St. Lawrence.

However, too much noise can lead to biological imbalances in species, resulting in weakened health, stress and disrupted communication among individuals.

Illustration couleur d'un bateau. En dessous de celui-ci, des ondes sonores se diffusent.

Hush, no more noise…

In Quebec, the Institut des sciences de la mer de Rimouski, is currently conducting a study to measure ship noise levels and to develop solutions. Internationally, Canada is seen as a pioneer in noise pollution reduction research, notably within the International Maritime Organization, a United Nations agency.

Invasive alien species

Invasive alien species are animals or plants that have been newly transposed from their original habitat. For the most part, the arrival of these species in the St. Lawrence is through maritime shipping.

Having no natural predators when they are introduced into a new environment, these species have every opportunity to proliferate rapidly. In Quebec, the best-known species are the green crab, most commonly found in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Asian carp and the coffin box bryozoan.

Illustration couleur d'un crabe vert.

Protecting local residents

To prevent the arrival of alien species, DFO has set up a plan to control aquatic invasive species.

This plan includes both small- and large-scale actions. In international shipping, for example, the cleaning of ships and the water they carry is strictly regulated. At a more individual level, everyone is asked to report any species that seems unusual. Obviously, if you have an exotic animal at home, releasing it into nature is a very bad idea.

Climate change

In the St. Lawrence, the cold waters of Labrador meet the warm waters of the Gulf Stream. Cold water dominated until 2000–2010, but this dominance has since been reversed. Because warm water contains less oxygen than cold water, this trend, amplified by climate change, is altering the properties of the St. Lawrence waters: now warmer and less oxygenated.

The result is a more fragile ecosystem, and a migration of species for which the St. Lawrence is sometimes no longer the optimal living environment.

This is the case for cod, for example, whose digestion, and therefore growth, is slowed when this species lacks oxygen. Faced with this situation, these fish will try to leave areas where oxygen levels are insufficient.

Illustration couleur de bulles d'air dans l'eau.

Speeding up green practices

Climate change affects everyone, and the fishing industry is among the first impacted. Therefore fishermen, with the help of governments, are developing more environmentally friendly practices to reduce fuel consumption, among other projects.

Algae could also be part of the solution, as they store carbon, which forms part of some greenhouse gases. Therefore, the development of algaculture could help reduce global warming.

Icone représentant un livre
What role do algae play in preserving ecosystems? A researcher and professor at the Quebec School of Fisheries and Aquaculture explains how a seaweed farm could help reduce the effects of climate change.

Information

Video length: 1 minute and 56 seconds

Location and shooting date: Videoconference from Gaspésie, 2023

Excerpt from interviews conducted by: Maylis Persoons, Exploramer museologist

Editor: Exploramer

Underwater video: Jean-Christophe Lemay

Interviewee:

  • Éric Tamigneaux, École des pêches et de l’aquaculture du Québec (ÉPAQ)

Credit: Exploramer, 2024

Transcription

 [Background music, underwater shot of green algae on a sandy background.]

 [Image with the logo of the Quebec School of Fisheries and Aquaculture with a photo of Éric Tamigneaux on the right, music stops.]

Éric Tamigneaux: There’s a lot of talk at the moment, a lot of research going on about algae, because in reality, they contain…, they’re plants, so there’s lots and lots of carbon contained in algae. It absorbs excess nutrients discharged by agriculture and sewage in the coastal zone. Algae absorb nitrogen and phosphorus. They also capture carbon and store it in the sediments. So they play an important role, they contribute to the health of ecosystems. And so, if we want to reduce the effects of global warming and lower the average temperature of the atmosphere, we need to remove carbon. And there aren’t many ways of doing that, apart from using vegetation. So, we need to save our forests, increase their coverage.  And algae are underwater forests, so we can increase their surface area by encouraging cultivation.

 [Music resumes, shot of an algae seeding rope rising.]

[Image with the logo of the Quebec School of Fisheries and Aquaculture with a photo of Éric Tamigneaux on the right, music stops.]

In Quebec, people from the Université du Québec à Rimouski are starting to take measurements on Quebec seaweed farms to see… because here we are in a boreal environment, so we’re in a temperate but cold environment, so to see in our environment how much carbon could be buried under the seaweed farms. And then, in addition to selling the product on the market, we could also assign a value in terms of ecosystem services rendered by the algae farm.

 [Music resumes, shot of two small seaweeds hanging on a rope, Exploramer logo, music stops.]

There is no use hiding it: human activity is responsible for most of the threats facing species in the St. Lawrence. Becoming informed about the causes and solutions is the first good step to take.

Your plunge into the St. Lawrence is coming to an end. Get your head out of the water and follow a species’ journey to your plate.

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